The Role Of Epidemiology In Infection Control - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2320 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? The role of epidemiology in infection control and the use of immunisation programs in preventing epidemics The discipline of epidemiology is broadly defined as the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution (Gordis, 2009: 3). Among a range of core epidemiologic functions recognised (CDC, 2012), monitoring and surveillance as well as outbreak investigation are most immediately relevant to identifying and stopping the spread of infectious disease in a population. Most countries perform routine monitoring and surveillance on a range of infectious diseases of concern to their respective jurisdiction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role Of Epidemiology In Infection Control" essay for you Create order This allows health authorities to establish a baseline of disease occurrence. Based on this data, it is possible to subsequently discern sudden spikes or divergent trends and patterns in infectious disease incidence. In addition to cause of death which is routinely collected in most countries, many health authorities also maintain a list of notifiable diseases. In the UK, the list of reportable diseases and pathogenic agents maintained by Public Health England includes infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis and Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, strains of influenza, vaccine-preventable diseases such as Whooping Cough or Measles, and food borne infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella or Listeria. (Public Health England, 2010) At the international level, the World Health Organization requires its members to report any event that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (International Health Regulations, 2005). Cases of Smallpox, Poliomyeliti s, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and new influenza strains are always notifiable. (WHO, undated) These international notification duties allow for the identification of trans-national patterns by collating data from national surveillance systems. Ideally, the system would enable authorities to anticipate and disrupt further cross-national spread by alerting countries to the necessity of tightened control at international borders or even by instituting more severe measures such a bans on air travel from and to affected countries. As explained in the previous paragraph, data collected routinely over a period of time allows authorities to respond to increases in the incidence of a particular disease by taking measures to contain its spread. This may include an investigation into the origin of the outbreak, for instance the nature of the infectious agent or the vehicle. In other cases, the mode of transmission may need to be clarified. These tasks are part of the outbreak investigation. Several steps can be distinguished in the wake of a concerning notification or the determination of an unusual pattern. These include the use of descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology, the subsequent implementation of control measures, as well as reporting to share experiences and new insights. (Reintjes and Zanuzdana, 2010) In the case of an unusual disease such as the possibility of the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa to result in isolated cases in Western Europe, it might not be necessary to engage in further epidemiological analysis once the diagnosis has been confirmed. Instead, control measures would be implemented immediately and might include ensuring best practice isolation of the patient and contact tracing to ensure that the infection does not spread further among a fully susceptible local population. Similarly, highly pathogenic diseases such as meningitis that tend to occur in clusters might prompt health authorities to close school s to disrupt the spread. In other types of outbreak investigations identifying the exact disease or exact strain of an infectious agent is the primary epidemiologic task. This might, for instance, be the case if clusters of relatively non-specific symptoms occur and need be confirmed as linked to one another and identified as either a known disease/infectious agent or be described and named. In the same vein, in food-borne infectious diseases, the infectious organism and vehicle of infection may have to be pinpointed by retrospectively tracing food intake, creating comparative tables, and calculating measures of association between possible exposures and outcome (CDC, 2012). Only then can targeted control measures such as pulling product lots from supermarket shelves and issuing a pubic warning be initiated. Beyond identifying and controlling infectious disease outbreaks, monitoring and surveillance also plays a role in ensuring that primary prevention works as effectively as pos sible: collecting information on behavioural risk factors in cases such as sexually transmitted diseases can help identify groups that are most at risk and where Public Health interventions may yield the highest benefit. In another example, monitoring immunization coverage and analysing the effectiveness of vaccines over the life course may predict epidemics in the making if coverage is found decreasing or immunity appears to decline in older populations. In addition, the ability to anticipate the potential spread of disease with a reasonable degree of confidence hinges not only on good data collection. Advanced epidemiological methods such as mathematical modelling are equally instrumental in predicting possible outbreak patterns. Flu vaccines, for instance, need to be formulated long before the onset of the annual flu season. Against which particular strains the vaccines are to provide immunity can only be determined from past epidemiological data and modelling. (Mikanatha et al., 2013) Mathematical models have also played a role in determining the most effective vaccine strategies, including target coverage and ideal ages and target groups, to eliminate the risk of epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases (Gordis, 2009). In addition to controlling outbreaks at the source and assuring the key protective strategies such as mass immunisation are effectively carried out, epidemiology is also a tool that allows comprehensive planning for potential epidemics. A scenario described in a research article by Ferguson and colleagues (2006) has as its premise a novel and therefore not immediately vaccine-preventable strain of influenza that has defied initial attempts at control and reached pandemic proportions. The large scale simulation of the theoretical epidemic assesses the potential of several intervention strategies to mitigate morbidity and mortality: international border and travel restrictions, a measure that is often demanded as a kneejerk reaction by po licy-makers and citizens is found to have minimal impact, at best delaying spread by a few weeks even if generally adhered to (Ferguson et al., 2006). By contrast, interventions such as household quarantines or school closures that are aimed at interrupting contact between cases, potential carriers, and susceptible individuals are much more effective. . (Ferguson et al., 2006) Time sensitive antiviral treatment and post exposure prophylaxis using the same drugs are additional promising strategies identified. (Ferguson et al., 2006) The latter two potential interventions highlight the role of epidemiological risk assessment in translating anticipated spread of infectious disease into concrete emergency preparedness. For instance, both mass treatment and mass post exposure prophylaxis require advance stockpiling of antivirals. During the last H1N1 epidemic, public and political concern emerged over shortages of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu). (De Clerq, 2006). How ever, advance stockpiling requires political support and significant resources at a time when governments are trying to reign in health spending and the threat is not immediate. Thus, epidemiologists also need to embrace the role of advocates and advisors that communicate scientific findings and evidence-based projections to decision-makers. That being said, immunisation remains the most effective primary preventive strategies for the prevention and control of epidemics. As one of the most significant factors in the massive decline of morbidity and mortality form infectious disease in the Western world over the last century, vaccination accounts for an almost 100% reduction of morbidity from nine vaccine-preventable diseases such as Polio, Diphtheria, and Measles in the United States between 1900 to 1990. (CDC, 1999) Immunisation programmes are designed to reduce the incidence of particular infectious diseases by decreasing the number of susceptible individuals in a population. T his is achieved by administering vaccines which stimulate the bodys immune response. The production of specific antibodies allows the thus primed adaptive immune system to eliminate the full strength pathogen when an individual becomes subsequently exposed to it. The degree of coverage necessary to achieve so called herd immunity- the collective protection of a population even if not every single individual is immune- depends on the of the infectivity and pathogenicity of the respective infectious agent. (Nelson, 2014) Infectivity, in communicable diseases, measures the percentage of infections out of all individuals exposed, whereas pathogenicity is the percentage of infected individuals that progress to clinical disease. (Nelson, 2014). Sub-clinical or inapparent infections are important to take into account because, even though they show no signs and symptoms of disease, people may still be carriers capable of infecting others. Polio is an example of an infectious disease where m ost infections are inapparent, but individuals are infectious. (Nelson, 2014). Gauging infectivity is crucial to estimating the level of coverage needed to reach community immunity. The so called basic reproductive rate is a numerical measure of the average number of secondary infections attributable to one single source of disease, e.g. one infected individual. The rate is calculated by taking into account the average number of contacts a case makes, the likelihood of transmission at each contact point, and the duration of infectiousness. (Kretzschmar and Wallinga, 2010). The higher the reproductive rate, i.e. the theoretical number of secondary cases, the higher the percentage of the population that needs to be immunised in order to prevent or interrupt an outbreak of epidemic proportions. For instance, smallpox, which was successfully eradicated in 1980 (World Health Organization, 2010), is estimated to have a basic reproduction number of around 5, requiring a coverage of only 80% of the population to achieve herd immunity. By contrast, the estimated reproduction number for Measles is around 20 and it is believed that immunisation coverage has to reach at least 96% for population immunity to be ensured. (Kretzschmar and Wallinga, 2010). Once the herd immunity threshold is reached, the remaining susceptible individuals are indirectly protected by the immunised majority around them: in theory, no pathogen should be able to reach them because nobody else is infected or an asymptomatic carrier. Even if the unlikely event of an infection among the unvaccinated eventuated, the chain of transmission should be immediately interrupted thanks to the immunised status of all potential secondary cases. Vaccinating primary contacts of isolated cases is also an important containment strategy where a cluster of non-immune individuals was exposed to an infected individual. Such scenarios may apply, for example, where groups of vaccine objectors or marginalized groups not caught by the regular immunisation drive are affected or an imported disease meets a generally susceptible population. However, epidemic prevention does not stop with having reached vaccination targets. Instead, constant monitoring of current coverage is required and adaptations of the immunisation strategy may be needed to ensure that epidemics are reliably prevented. Recent trends underscore the enduring challenge of permanently keeping at bay even diseases that are officially considered eradicated or near eradication: in the United Kingdom, a marked spike in the number of confirmed measles cases has been observed in the last decade, with an increase from under 200 cases in 2001 to just over 2,000 cases in 2012. (Oxford Vaccine Group, undated) The underlying cause is evident from a comparison of case numbers with data from vaccine coverage monitoring: indeed, the number of children receiving the combination Measles vaccine decreased in the 2000s roughly in parallel with the in crease in Measles incidence. (Oxford Vaccine Group, undated) Other countries have seen similar trends and have responded with measures intended to increase vaccine uptake: for instance, in Australia, the government recently decided to enact measures that would withhold child benefit payments to parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated. (Lusted and Greene, 2015) In conclusion, epidemiology, and in particular routine monitoring and surveillance, is a potent tool that enables health authorities to anticipate, detect, and contain the spread of infectious disease. Over the last century, immunisation has proven itself as one of the key interventions to curb infectious disease morbidity and mortality. However, with vaccine-preventable diseases again on the rise in UK and other industrialised countries, epidemiologic monitoring of vaccine coverage and disease incidence remains critically important. Where vaccines are not available or vaccine-induced immunity is short-lived, a n effective system to detect cases and contain outbreaks is even more instrumental to the effort of preventing infectious disease epidemics. Bibliography Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, 2nd edition, Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1999) Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999 Impact of Vaccines Universally Recommended for Children United States, 1990-1998, MMWR, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 243-248. De Clercq, E. (2006) Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 1015-1025. Ferguson, N. et al. (2006) Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic, Nature, vol. 442, July, pp. 448-452. Gordis, L. (2009) Epidemiology, 4th edition, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. Kretzschmar, M. and Wallinga, J. (2010) Mathematical Models in Infectious Disease Epidemiology, in: KrÃÆ'Â ¤mer, A. et al. (ed.) Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. Lusted, P. and Greene, A. (2015 ) Childcare rebates could be denied to anti-vaccination parents under new Federal Government laws. ABC News [Online], Available: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-12/parents-who-refuse-to-vaccinate-to-miss-out-on-childcare-rebates/6386448 [12 Feb 2015]. Mikanatha, N. et al. (2013) Infectious disease surveillance: a cornerstone for prevention and control, in: Mikanatha, N. et al. (ed.) Infectious Disease Surveillance, 2nd edition, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley Sons. Nelson, K. (2014) Epidemiology of Infectious Disease: General Principles, in: Nelson, K., Williams, C. and Graham, N. (ed.) Infectious disease epidemiology: theory and practice, 3rd edition, Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Oxford vaccine Group (undated) Measles [Online], Available: https://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/measles [12 Feb 2015]. Public Health England (first published 2010) Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practi tioners [Online], Available: https://www.gov.uk/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report [12 Feb 2015]. Reintjes, R. and Aryna Zanuzdana. (2010) Outbreak Investigations, in: KrÃÆ'Â ¤mer, A. et al. (ed.) Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). Notification and other reporting requirements under the IHR, IHR Brief, No. 2 [Online], Available: https://www.who.int/ihr/ihr_brief_no_2_en.pdf [12 Feb 2015]. World Health Organization (WHO). (2010) Statue Commemorates Smallpox Eradication. Available: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2010/smallpox_20100517/en/index.html [12 Feb 2015].

Joy Luck Club - 924 Words

Name: ____________________________ Class Period: _______________ Score:_________________ North Fall Final Exam Essay Topics For your final exam, you will write a timed write on Monday December 13th which will count towards 1/3 of your final exam grade. A traditional AP Timed Write Rubric will be used to score your answers. I’m looking for a clear thesis, a well-organized paper, high level of diction, focus, and in-depth analysis (two to three pieces of commentary or analogies) combined with thematic text to world and use of literary devices if appropriate. Answer all parts of the question in your responses. 1. June Woo begins the novel by explaining the â€Å"Joy Luck Club.† She watches the mothers and explains, â€Å"They see that joy and†¦show more content†¦It may be less mature in thought or less well-handled in terms of organization, syntax, or mechanics. 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Shades of a White Man - 1206 Words

â€Å"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god.† (Shakespeare) Humans were born pure, humble and humane. Politics, science, conflicts and the innate desire for dominance change who we are, and who we ultimately aspire to be. The culture we are born into, too, affects who we are in a rather dramatic way; it contributes significantly in writing the script of a person’s life. George Orwell was born into a culture of white men, a culture that believes in dominance and superiority, a culture that steps on whoever stands in its way. Imperialism was that culture; the culture that Orwell was influenced by, and suffered from. From my perspective, I believe that even though George Orwell claimed that he was against the imperialist, British culture; â€Å"I was all for the Burmese and against their oppressors, the British† (Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, par. 2), he was an imperialist in disguise, and had always been one. He was a unique imperialist, one who had morals and ethical obligations, which seemingly resulted in his lifelong misery, since it would not naturally align with the culture he belongs to. Orwell was not a perfect white man, yet he was one. Imperialism is a state of mind, a certain way of looking at people and life. 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Richard Branson †Paper Free Essays

Hence, Brannon has very strong leader-member relations. Second, task structure must be analyzed In a course of four 1. Can a decision be demonstrated as correct? Steps: 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Richard Branson – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Are the requirements of the task understood by everyone? 3. Is there more than one way to accomplish the task? 4. Is there more than one correct solution? Based on the environment that Brannon has created at Virgin, assumptions can be made about situational traits. Brannon makes sure that he acknowledges his employees’ hard work. That means when a decision Is correct, the appropriate staff ill be praised for making the correct decision. Brannon also encourages his management to continue to challenge employees to come up with new creative ideas to attack the present situation. This means not only will employees understand the task requirements, but they will also be encouraged to find alternate ways to accomplish the task as well as alternate solutions. Using the Graph below, when Richard Brannon keeps a situation at moderate control his effectiveness as a leader and fearlessness as a leader Is maximized. If you have a demoralized staff your company will soon disappear† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation). Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Richard Brannon has never lacked self motivation as a result of continuously creating and seeking new challenges to overcome. Brannon transcends his natural self motivation into his unique, hands off management style which emphasizes employee Job happiness and comfortable relationships. Self motivation was never an issue in Abrasion’s career as an entrepreneur and business man. From starting Student magazine at age 16 to creating a dominant rower in the recording industry, Brannon always had a desire to seek out new challenges. This may have rooted from his parents because they did not view his learning troubles as a limitation and encouraged him to find and pursue his venture, Student Magazine, his convictions were the underlying motivator. Brannon wanted people to hear his views and was willing to exude hard work in order to assure this happened. Brannon soon began to feel a sense of enjoyment and purpose–a major theme in all of Abrasion’s motivation techniques– which transitioned his efforts into the music and recording business. Of course, love and passion is not always a the best self motivator if success is never attained. Thus, Abrasion’s second key to self motivation is moving forward, rather than moving back. For example, in the wake of the U. KS recession of the sass’s Brannon had a choice to consolidate or keep growing. In response Brannon bought two night clubs and invested profits back into his music industry in order to create success and limit losses. The third key for Brannon was to always have goals. Once current goals are attained, new goals must be formed. This is demonstrated as Abrasion’s goals were reddened from creating one of the world’s most respected brand to investing in large-scale philanthropic endeavors such as the creation of Virgin Unite. Finally, perhaps the most appropriate rule to Abrasion’s success: â€Å"Screw it. Let’s do it† (Brannon)! When one man owns a record company, a soft drink company, and is pursuing space tourism there self motivation must never be deficient. Abrasion’s self motivation is an extension of how he motivates others. Despite running such an extensive array of companies, he takes on a very â€Å"hands-off,† management style. He says, â€Å"l don’t look at any figures or projections, if he [Patrick Ezekiel] wants to do it that’s fine by me. That’s very much the approach we take, there’s a lot of trust† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation). The trust he displays in his management demonstrates that Brannon is a Theory Y manager. Theory Y managers assume employees can view work as being natural behavior and are committed to the objective. They tend to be less controlling and have a more hands-off approach. As a result, Brannon believes that his management can do their Jobs to the best of their ability without his constant supervision. In addition, Brannon has a knack for surrounding himself with a very capable staff and creating a work environment in which they thrive. † Although Brannon is â€Å"hands-off,† he does create a particular environment that is very affective in motivating his employees. He does this by participating in lots of direct personal communication with his employees. Even though he is a corporate leader, he displays compassion for all employees in the Virgin family and pushes them to become leaders themselves. An example of this is Abrasion’s involvement in public relations. Whether its extreme stunts or press leases, Brannon sets aside 25% of his time for public relations. He explains, â€Å"If your staff works enormously hard to create something they are proud of, it’s foolish if you don’t let the world know about it. This social involvement gives his employees the impression that Brannon greatly appreciates his employees’ success and hard work. Certainly an employee will be more motivated to work extremely hard for Brannon and Virgin, if Brannon is doing the same for that employee. Analyzing Abrasion’s motivational techniques more closely, Mascots Needs Pyramid comes to mind. Brannon looks past physical needs and safet y needs, or at least assumes these will be taken care of. Instead, Brannon focuses his efforts most on social and esteem needs. For example, Virgin attempts to fulfill employees’ social needs by holding a party employees, whether they are security guards or executives. This not only gives employees a chance to associate socially outside of a work environment, but also links employees regardless of social status. He also targets esteem needs. According to Richard Brannon, â€Å"Junior people are as important as senior employees. Staff should e praised, not criticized they know when they have done something wrong† (Management Skills 1: leadership and motivation). How to cite Richard Branson – Paper, Papers

Electoral College (537 words) Essay Example For Students

Electoral College (537 words) Essay Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College has been used to elect the President since the beginningsof the United States. In the two hundred some odd years of history, there havebeen instances when the college did not work. There have been many ideas thathave floated around about fixing the problem with the electorate. Then again,there are many plusses to using the Electoral College system. In an election,the President is elected not by the popular vote, but by the votes of theelectorates. The electorates are representative of each state. There are anumber of electorates per state equal to the amount of persons in both the Houseof Representatives, and the Senate. The District of Columbia also has threevotes to cast. One of the major drawbacks to the Electoral College is the factthat it can at times be very undemocratic. If a candidate wins the votes incertain states, and gets all their electoral votes, it is possible to win thePresidency, without getting the most popular vote. In the 1800s, there werethree instances where the Electoral College disagreed with the popular vote. Onthe same note, in 1968, the race would have ended up in congress shy of a fewvotes for George Wallace. Again in 1976, the electoral vote gave Gerald Ford thevictory even though Jimmy Carter one the most popular support. How would you fixthis problem, there is no easy answer to this question. One way to solve this issend percentages of electoral votes, or ignore the winner-take all system. Forinstance, say that in Florida, who has 25 votes, 80 percent of the popular votesupports the democratic nomination, whereas the other 20 percent went for therepublican nomination. Then 20 electoral votes would go to the democrat, and 5would go to the republican. Another way to solve this problem would be to baseelectoral votes solely on the population, separate the nation into regions withapproximately the same population, and give them each votes. In this, therewould be no actual state borders, just a set number of voting regions. A thirdand final way to solve the problem would be to do away with the system entirely,and let the popular vote be the sole decision making factor. This would be theeasiest and quickest way to solve the Electoral College problem. The electoralsystem is not all bad. There are several pluses to its use. One of those plussesis the declaration of a clear winner. Whichever candidate wins the most votes,or the first to get 270 votes, wins. Also with the current winner-take allpolicy, it makes the smaller states votes more important and less significant tothe candidates. There is also the ability to tell that a clear winner may or maynot have a mandate. A mandate states that the public endorses a candidatesprograms and that the candidate should put them into affect when he finallyreaches office. The Electoral College is the system of the United States, set upeven before the first actual political parties, that is used to elect thePresident and the Vice President. The Electoral College is not perfect by anymeans. There have been some instances when a President has been elected eventhough he wasnt the popular choice, but the plusses given to the electionprocess by having it are worth the few mistakes.

Management Control System free essay sample

A common fleet significantly simplifies scheduling, operations, and maintenance. Training costs for pilots, ground crew, and mechanics are lower, because theres only a single aircraft to learn. Purchasing, provisioning, and other operations are also vastly simplified, therefore lowering costs. 2. People: Southwest tries hard to different way. For example, not assigning seats in its flights helps to reinforce its image that it gets passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares. By not assigning seats, Southwest can turn the airplanes quicker at the gate. If an airplane can be turned quicker, more routes can be flown each day. That generates more revenue, so that Southwest can offer lower fares. About 60% of Southwest’s passenger revenue was generated by online bookings via southwest. com. That southwest. com was the number one airline website by revenue and Nielsen/Net Rating identified it as the largest airline site in terms of unique visitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Control System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. How do Southwest’s control systems help execute the firm’s strategy? Southwest’s control system help execute the firm’s strategy by: Implementing short haul and medium haul, on-line booking, less time at the gate, hedged fuel and oil Southwest consistently sought out ways to improve its efficiencies and pass on the cost savings to its passengers. In 2004, Southwest had reduce the headcount per aircraft to 74 from 85 in 2003. It hedged about 85% of its fuel and oil needs as a result saved about $ 455 million . It also entered new airports after a process of due diligence and with a sense of commitment to the people it served. Southwest pilots were among the only pilots of major U. S. airlines who did not belong to a nation union. National union rules limited the number of hours pilots could fly. But Southwest’s pilots were unionized independently allowing them to fly far more hours than pilots at other airlines. Othe workers at SWA wree nationally unionized but their contracts wrere flexible enough to allow them to jump in and help out regardless of the task at hand. From the time the plane landed until it was ready for takeoff took approx 20-25 minutes at SWA and required a ground crew of 4 plus 2 at the gate. Is the controller relationship of Martex better than that of Rendell current organizationalrelationship ? Objective: To achieve profitability and growth Ans 1: What is the organisational philosophy of Martex with respect to the controller function? What do you think of it? Should Rendell Adopt this philosophy? The organizational philosophy of   Martex   with respect to the controller function is thatdivisional controller report to the corporate controller for transparency of information on budget issues. According to us it has the following Adv and disadv:

Free Essays on The Darkness Of The Congo

The Darkness of the Congo Joseph Conrad’s story, Heart of Darkness is one that deals with many different aspects of nature and man himself. Conrad often associates the nature of man as an offset of Mother Nature. The complex role of the setting, including the jungle, pervasive darkness, and the London frame setting are all examples of man’s innermost fears and joys. In the beginning of the story, the setting is that of a beautiful scene of the London frame. â€Å"In the offing the sea and the sky were welded together without a joint, and in the luminous space the tanned sails of the barges drifting up†¦(Narrator, 185).† It provides a sense of relaxation and space for the mind to dream. After the sun begins to set, and just before Marlow begins to tell his story, the setting becomes to grow darker; dark with the nature of the dark story Marlow will soon prevail. The narrator refers to a â€Å"brooding gloom† to the West just as Marlow (p.187) starts to say, â€Å"And this also, has been one of the dark places on the earth.† So just as you are prepared to hear a story, the setting has changed as if to foreshadow the events to come. Continuously throughout the story, darkness plays a significant role on the setting. I sums up all the evil, fear, and unknown to man simplicities we may or may not face everyday. Also, the darkness is related to the people that were exploited during the expedition by means of racism. The Whites being superior to the Blacks, as they thought. Their inner evil of racism (darkness) was â€Å"justified† by calling the Africans â€Å"criminals, enemies, rebels.† Thus, exploiting the people with a darkness. Darkness seems to be referred to more as Marlow’s story unfolds. He first uses darkness while describing the Roman conquest, as if comparing to his own. â€Å"They were men enough to face the darkness (Marlow, 188),† and, â€Å"†¦It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a grea... Free Essays on The Darkness Of The Congo Free Essays on The Darkness Of The Congo The Darkness of the Congo Joseph Conrad’s story, Heart of Darkness is one that deals with many different aspects of nature and man himself. Conrad often associates the nature of man as an offset of Mother Nature. The complex role of the setting, including the jungle, pervasive darkness, and the London frame setting are all examples of man’s innermost fears and joys. In the beginning of the story, the setting is that of a beautiful scene of the London frame. â€Å"In the offing the sea and the sky were welded together without a joint, and in the luminous space the tanned sails of the barges drifting up†¦(Narrator, 185).† It provides a sense of relaxation and space for the mind to dream. After the sun begins to set, and just before Marlow begins to tell his story, the setting becomes to grow darker; dark with the nature of the dark story Marlow will soon prevail. The narrator refers to a â€Å"brooding gloom† to the West just as Marlow (p.187) starts to say, â€Å"And this also, has been one of the dark places on the earth.† So just as you are prepared to hear a story, the setting has changed as if to foreshadow the events to come. Continuously throughout the story, darkness plays a significant role on the setting. I sums up all the evil, fear, and unknown to man simplicities we may or may not face everyday. Also, the darkness is related to the people that were exploited during the expedition by means of racism. The Whites being superior to the Blacks, as they thought. Their inner evil of racism (darkness) was â€Å"justified† by calling the Africans â€Å"criminals, enemies, rebels.† Thus, exploiting the people with a darkness. Darkness seems to be referred to more as Marlow’s story unfolds. He first uses darkness while describing the Roman conquest, as if comparing to his own. â€Å"They were men enough to face the darkness (Marlow, 188),† and, â€Å"†¦It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a grea...